Latvian literature emerged as an independent entity in the 19th Century. The pioneers of the Latvian novel include the brothers Reinis and Matiss Kaudzitis, who produced Mernieku laiki (Time of the Surveyors), a depiction of country life in the late 19th Century. Another significant work in these early stages of Latvian literature was the 19th-century epic poem Lacplesis (Bear Slayer) by Andrejs Pumpurs. The poet and playwright Rainis is yet another famous Latvian writer who championed Latvia’s independence at the turn of the century.

Music, dance and song have always played a significant part in the life of the Latvian nation. Periodic dance and song festivals date back to 1873, traditions which have also been followed by Latvians abroad. Latvian song festivals are generally held in the U.S. every 3 years, and in Canada every 4 years, as well as in Europe and Australia. More than 1.4 million folk songs, or ‘dainas’, have been identified thanks to the pioneering efforts of Krisjanis Barons, the father of dianas. These songs are four-line couplets that reflect the moral, ethics and lifestyle of ancient Latvians. Latvian choral music is a widespread art, with many choirs performing in concert halls all around the world.